Sep 14, · The lack of a bill of rights like that found in most state constitutions, however, became a rallying cry for the Anti-Federalists, and the advocates of the Constitution (led by James Madison Federalist Papers: A collection of eighty-five essays by Alexander Hamilton (–), James Madison (–), and John Jay (–) that explain the philosophy and defend the advantages of the U.S. Constitution. The essays that constitute The Federalist Papers were published in various New York newspapers between October 27, Federalist No. 10 is an essay written by James Madison as the tenth of The Federalist Papers, a series of essays initiated by Alexander Hamilton arguing for the ratification of the United States blogger.comhed on November 22, under the name "Publius", Federalist No. 10 is among the most highly regarded of all American political writings. No. 10 addresses the question of how to
Anti-Federalist Papers: Brutus No.1 - Bill of Rights Institute
Federalist No. Published on November 22, under the name "Publius", Federalist No. Madison saw factions as inevitable due to the nature of man—that is, as long as people hold differing opinions, have differing amounts of wealth and own differing amount of property, they will continue to form alliances with people who are most similar to them and they will sometimes work against the public interest and infringe upon the rights of others.
He thus questions how to guard against those dangers. The whole series is cited by scholars and jurists as an authoritative interpretation and explication of the meaning of the Constitution. Historians such as Charles A. Beard argue that No. Madison saw the federal Constitution as providing for a "happy combination" of a republic and a purer democracy, with "the great and aggregate interests being referred to the national, the local and particular to the State legislatures" resulting in a decentralized governmental structure.
In his view, this would make it "more difficult for unworthy candidates to practice the vicious arts by which elections are too often carried. Prior to the Constitution, the thirteen states were bound together by the Articles of Confederation. These were, in essence, a military alliance between sovereign nations adopted to better fight the Revolutionary War.
Congress had no power to tax, and as a result, was not able to pay debts resulting from the Revolution. Madison, George WashingtonBenjamin Franklin and others feared a break-up of the union and national bankruptcy. In this view, Shays' Rebellionan armed uprising in Massachusetts inwas simply one, albeit extreme, example of "democratic excess" in the aftermath of the War. A national convention was called for Mayto federalist and anti federalist essay the Articles of Confederation.
Madison believed that the problem was not with the Articles, but rather the state legislatures, and so the solution was not to fix the articles but to restrain the excesses of the states.
The principal questions before the convention became whether the states should remain sovereign, whether sovereignty should be transferred to the national government, or whether a settlement should rest somewhere in between.
Madison's nationalist position shifted the debate increasingly away from a position of pure state sovereignty, and toward the compromise. September 17, marked the signing of the final document. By its own Article Seventhe constitution drafted by the convention needed ratification by at least nine of the thirteen states, through special conventions held in each state. Anti-Federalist writers began to publish essays and letters arguing against ratification, [8] and Alexander Hamilton recruited James Madison and John Jay to write a series of pro-ratification letters in response.
Like most of the Federalist essays and the vast majority of The Federalist PapersNo. It was first printed in the Daily Advertiser under the name adopted by the Federalist writers, "Publius"; in this it was remarkable among the essays of Publius, as almost all of them first appeared in one of two other papers: the Independent Journal and the New-York Packet.
Considering the importance later ascribed to the essay, it was reprinted only on a limited scale. On November 23, it appeared in the Packet and the next day in the Independent Journal. Outside New York City, it made four appearances in early January 2 in the Pennsylvania GazetteJanuary 10 in the Hudson Valley WeeklyJanuary 15 in the Lansingburgh Northern Centineland January 17 in the Albany Gazette.
Though this number of reprintings was typical for The Federalist essays, many other essays, both Federalist and Anti-Federalist, saw much wider distribution. On January 1,the publishing company J. McLean announced that they would publish the first 36 of the essays in a single volume. This volume, titled The Federalist federalist and anti federalist essay, was released on March 2, federalist and anti federalist essay, George Hopkins' edition revealed that Madison, Hamilton, and Jay were the authors of the series, with two later printings dividing the work by author.
InJames Gideon published a third edition containing corrections by Madison, who by that time had completed his two terms as President of the United States.
Henry B. Dawson's edition of sought to collect the original newspaper articles, though he did not always find the first instance. It was much reprinted, albeit without his introduction.
The first date of publication and the newspaper name were recorded for each essay. Of modern editions, Jacob E. Cooke's edition is seen as authoritative, and is most used today. Hamilton there addressed the destructive role of a faction in breaking apart the republic. The question Madison answers, then, is how to eliminate the negative effects of faction. Madison defines a faction as "a number of citizens, whether amounting to a minority or majority of the whole, who are united and actuated by some common impulse of passion, or of interest, adverse to federalist and anti federalist essay rights of other citizens, or to the permanent and aggregate interests of the community.
Madison argues that "the most common and durable source of factions has been the various and unequal distribution of property. A law regarding private debts, for instance, would be "a question to which the creditors are parties on one side, and the debtors on the other.
Like the anti-Federalists who opposed him, Madison was substantially influenced by the work of Montesquieu, federalist and anti federalist essay, though Madison and Montesquieu disagreed on the question addressed in this essay.
He also relied heavily on the philosophers of the Scottish Enlightenmentespecially David Humewhose influence is most clear in Madison's discussion of the types of faction and in his argument for an extended republic, federalist and anti federalist essay. Madison first theorizes that there are two ways to limit the damage caused by faction: either remove the causes of faction or control its effects. He then describes the two methods to remove the causes of faction: first, destroying liberty, which would work because "liberty is to faction what air is to fire", [19] but it is impossible to perform because liberty is essential to political life, just as air is "essential to animal life.
The second option, creating a society homogeneous in opinions and interests, is impracticable, federalist and anti federalist essay. The diversity of the people's ability is what makes them succeed more or less, and inequality of property is a right that the government should protect. Madison particularly emphasizes that economic stratification prevents everyone from sharing the same opinion. Madison concludes that the damage caused by faction can be limited only by controlling its effects.
He then argues that the only problem comes from majority factions because the principle of popular sovereignty should prevent minority factions from gaining power. Madison offers two ways to check majority factions: prevent the "existence of the same passion or interest in a majority at the same time" or render a majority faction unable to act.
Madison states, "The latent causes of faction are thus sown in the nature of federalist and anti federalist essay, [21] so the cure is to control their effects. He makes an argument on how this federalist and anti federalist essay not possible in a pure democracy but possible in a republic.
With pure democracy, he means a system in which every citizen votes directly for laws direct democracyand, with republic, he intends a society in which citizens elect a small body of representatives who then vote for laws representative democracy. He indicates that the voice of the people pronounced by a body of representatives is more conformable to the interest of the community, since, again, common people's decisions are affected by their self-interest. He then makes an argument in favor of a large republic against a small republic for the choice of "fit characters" [22] to represent the public's voice.
Federalist and anti federalist essay a large republic, where the number of voters and candidates is greater, the probability to elect competent representatives is broader. The voters have a wider option. In a small republic, it would also be easier for the candidates to fool the voters but more difficult in a large one. The last argument Madison makes in favor of a large republic is that as, in a small republic, there will be a lower variety of interests and parties, a majority will more frequently be found.
The number of participants of that majority will be lower, and, since they live in a more limited territory, it would be easier for them to agree and work together for the accomplishment of their ideas. While in a large republic the variety of interests will be greater so to make it harder to find a majority, federalist and anti federalist essay. Even if there is a majority, it would be harder for them to work together because of the large number of people and the fact they are spread out in a wider territory.
A republic, Madison writes, is different from a democracy because its government is placed in the hands of delegates, and, federalist and anti federalist essay, as a result of this, it can be extended over a larger area. The idea is that, federalist and anti federalist essay, in a large republic, there will be more "fit characters" to choose from for each delegate. Also, the fact that each representative is chosen from a larger constituency should make the "vicious arts" of electioneering [23] a reference to rhetoric less effective.
For instance, in a large republic, a corrupt delegate would need to bribe many more people in order to win an election than in a small republic. Also, in a republic, the delegates both filter and refine the many demands of the people so as to prevent the type of frivolous claims that impede purely democratic governments. Though Madison argued for a large and diverse republic, the writers of the Federalist Papers recognized the need for a balance.
They wanted a republic diverse enough to prevent faction but with enough commonality to maintain cohesion among the states. In Federalist No. He notes that if constituencies are too large, the representatives will be "too little acquainted with all their local circumstances and lesser interests".
No matter how large the constituencies of federal representatives, local matters will be looked after by state and local officials with naturally smaller constituencies. The Anti-Federalists vigorously contested the notion that a republic of diverse interests could survive. The author Cato another pseudonym, most likely that of George Clinton [26] summarized the Anti-Federalist position in the article Cato no. Whoever seriously considers the immense extent of territory comprehended within the limits of the Federalist and anti federalist essay States, with the variety of its climates, productions, and commerce, the difference of extent, and number of inhabitants in all; the dissimilitude of interest, morals, and policies, in almost every one, will receive it as an intuitive truth, that a consolidated republican form of government therein, can never form a perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to you and your posterity, for to these objects it federalist and anti federalist essay be directed: this unkindred legislature therefore, composed of interests opposite and dissimilar in their nature, will in its exercise, emphatically be, like a house divided against itself.
Generally, it was their position that republics about the size of the individual states could survive, but that a republic on the size of the Union would fail. A particular point in support of this was that most of the states were focused on one industry—to generalize, commerce and shipping in the northern states and plantation farming in the southern.
The Anti-Federalist belief that the wide federalist and anti federalist essay in the economic interests of the various states would lead to controversy was perhaps realized in the American Civil Warwhich some scholars attribute to this disparity. The discussion of the ideal size for the republic was not limited to the options of individual states or encompassing union. In a letter to Richard Pricefederalist and anti federalist essay, Benjamin Rush noted that "Some of our enlightened men who begin to despair of a more complete union of the States in Congress have secretly proposed an Eastern, Middle, and Southern Confederacy, to be united by an alliance offensive and defensive".
In making their arguments, the Anti-Federalists appealed to both historical and theoretic evidence. On the theoretical side, they leaned heavily on the work of Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu. The Anti-Federalists Brutus and Cato both quoted Montesquieu on the issue of federalist and anti federalist essay ideal size of a republic, citing his statement in The Spirit of the Laws that:.
It is natural to a republic to have only a small territory, otherwise it cannot long subsist. In a large republic there are men of large fortunes, and consequently of less moderation; there are trusts too great to be placed in any single subject; he has interest of his own; he soon begins to think that he may be happy, great and glorious, by oppressing his fellow citizens; and that he may raise himself to grandeur on the ruins of his country. In a large republic, the public good is sacrificed to a thousand views; it is subordinate to exceptions, and depends on accidents.
In a small one, the interest of the public is easier federalist and anti federalist essay, better understood, and more within the reach of every citizen; abuses are of less extent, and of course are less protected. Greece and Rome were looked to as model republics throughout this debate, federalist and anti federalist essay, [33] and authors on both sides took Roman pseudonyms. Brutus points out that the Greek and Roman states were small, whereas the U. is vast. He also points out that the expansion of these republics resulted in a transition from free government to tyranny.
In the first century of the American republic, No. For example, in Democracy in AmericaAlexis de Tocqueville refers specifically to more than fifty of the essays, but No. In "The People's Vote", a popular survey conducted by the National Archives and Records AdministrationNational History Dayand U.
News and World ReportNo. The historian Charles A.
The Federalists versus the Anti-Federalists
, time: 4:14Federalist No. 29 - Wikipedia
Federalist Vs Anti-Federalists Words | 2 Pages. Anti-Federalist also did not want a republic. Anti-Federalist wanted small democracies, which are easy to control. Republics are best for people to voice their voices, better than states can on their own. Anti-Federalist wanted the government to stay local and not be a central government (F) Federalist Essays/Speeches (AF) Antifederalist Essays/Speeches. Dangerous to List Rights (F) Publius: The Federalist 84, Book Edition II, 28 May (F) Edmund Pendleton to Richard Henry Lee, Richmond, 14 June Enumerated Powers Protects Rights (F) James Wilson Speech in the State House Yard, Philadelphia, 6 October Federalist Papers: A collection of eighty-five essays by Alexander Hamilton (–), James Madison (–), and John Jay (–) that explain the philosophy and defend the advantages of the U.S. Constitution. The essays that constitute The Federalist Papers were published in various New York newspapers between October 27,
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